When Christianity appeared on the scene in the ancient Mediterranean world, its pagan residents were suspicious about this new faith. Of their many concerns, perhaps the deepest fear was that Christians were socially subversive, that they were, as the Thessalonian mob put it, “turning the world upside down” (Acts 17:6). Good social order, from the family unit all the way up to the Empire itself, was felt to be threatened by a group of people who marginalized physical family and king in favor of spiritual family and King.
This is why the New Testament and early Christian apologetic writings go out of the way to show that Christians are law-abiding citizens. For instance, in the book of Acts, it is usually the persecutors, and never the Christians, who are disobeying Roman law. The “household codes” in the New Testament epistles urge mutual love, respect, and submission—good order, not chaos—within the nuclear family. The principle of submission to proper authorities is reflected in the fifth commandment’s injunction to honor father and mother. It is extended by Paul in Romans 13 when he commands submission to the governing authorities, as to God. The New Testament is clear: it is the Christian’s duty to obey the law of the land.
But is Christian civil disobedience ever justified? Is it morally permissible for a Christian to disobey the civil government? If so, then under what circumstances?